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Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a common paraneoplastic syndrome and is associated with a poor prognosis. It occurs in up to 30% of patients ...

The kidneys play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. One such important function is the regulation of acid-base bal...

Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and maintenance for neurons in the nervous system. There are several types of glial ...

Microtubules are cylindrical structures made up of tubulin protein subunits that are essential components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic ...

Normal CSF pressure, also known as intracranial pressure (ICP), is between 7 and 18 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) when measured while lying ...

  CT cisternography is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses computed tomography (CT) to visualize the subarachnoid space and CSF flow wi...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and support. The normal...

  Low-pressure headaches , also known as spontaneous intracranial hypotension , are a type of headache that occurs when the cerebrospinal fl...

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a critical component of the management of many neurological conditions, including traumatic brain...

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies are a type of medical imaging test that measures blood flow to the brain. These studies are important for...

The reticular formation is a complex network of neurons located in the central core of the brainstem. It is involved in a variety of functi...

Wallerian degeneration is a process that occurs when an axon is damaged or severed, resulting in the degeneration and fragmentation of the ...

 There are several types of sensory receptors in the body, each specialized to detect different types of stimuli. Here are some of the main ...

Demyelination is a process that occurs when the myelin sheath surrounding axons in the nervous system is damaged or destroyed. The myelin sh...

Porphyrins are a group of organic compounds that are essential for various biological functions, including the production of heme, which is ...

Onion bulb formation refers to a characteristic morphological abnormality that can occur in peripheral nerves as a result of certain patholo...

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor, a type of protein that is important for the growth, survival, and maintenance of nerve ...

Myelin is a lipid-rich substance that forms a sheath around axons in the nervous system, providing electrical insulation and improving the s...

  Gamma motor neurons are a type of motor neuron located in the spinal cord that are responsible for controlling the sensitivity and tension...

 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spin...

  Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme, a critical component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, a...

Drug-induced hepatitis, also known as drug-induced liver injury (DILI), is a condition marked by liver damage caused by drugs or other chemi...

  Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) represents a unique category of DNA molecules that exist as closed loops without free ends. This f...

Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder characterized by an excess of copper stored in various body tissues, primarily the liver, brain,...

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that primarily affects the colon and rectum, causing inflammation and ...