Showing posts with label hepatology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hepatology. Show all posts

How to elicit the signs of liver cell failure an OSCE guide

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Following are the major signs of liver cell failure 1. Spider naevus 2. Asterixis or flapping tremor 3.Constructional Apraxia 4.G...

How to elicit Asterlxis or Liver Flap an OSCE guide

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Asterixis is also called as   Flapping Tremor 1. Explain procedure to the patient. 2. Ask the patient to fully extend his/her arms a...

How to examine for Spider Naevus an OSCE guide

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Spider Naevus is a sign of liver cell failure.Sometime seen in healthy Individuals also. 1. Ask the patient to adequately expose. 2....

How to examine the dilated vein ?

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Examination of dilated vein  How to know the presence of dilated and tortuous abdominal/chest wall veins ? Method : The patient is asked...

Portal hypertension clinical features

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Dilated veins are seen radiating from the umbilicus. The direction of flow is away from the umbilicus. Portosystemic anastomoses occurs ...

Inferior venacaval obstruction clinical features

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IVC obstruction features are the following Dilated veins seen over the abdomen and chest.  Direction of flow is from below upwards and l...

Signs of chronic liver disease

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Alopecia Foetor hepaticus: Sweetish, slightly faecal smell of breath similar to freshly opened corpse of mice, this is due to methyl mcrc...

What are the causes of prolonged jaundice?

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Jaundice present tor more than 6 months may be arbitrarily called as prolonged Jaundice'. The common causes are given below. Cholest...

Clinical presentation of hepatic encephalopathy

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Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy Factors precipitating hepatic encephalopathy

Clinical assessment of jaundice

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What is Jaundice? Difference between conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia What are the clinical features of haemolytic jaund...

What is polycythemia?

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Polycythemia is the excessive amount of RBC mass that leads to redness of conjunctiva, mucous membrane, skin and nailbed . Polycythemia ...

Difference between conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

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Following are the difference between conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia                                                Uncon...

What is Jaundice?

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Jaundice is defined as yellowish discoloration of sclera, mucous membrane, nailbed of skin due to excess amount of serum bilirubin of >...

What are the clinical fatures of of obstructive jaundice ?

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Following are the features of obstructive jaundice Urine colour is yellow or mustard oil-like colour ( due to conjugated bilirubin ). ...

Features of hepatocellular jaundice

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Features of hepato cellular jaundice  are given below There is yellowish discolouration of urine. Stool is high coloured and become pal...

What are the clinical features of haemolytic jaundice?

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Following are the clinical feaatures of hemolytic jaundice Acholuric  urine means freshly passed urine is of normal colour as there is ...

What is alcoholic hepatitis?

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Alcoholic hepatitis is a very common cause of liver injury. It is caused by excessive alcohol consumption.Typically there will be steatosis...

Anatomy of human liver

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It is the largest of viscera of humanbody Human liver consists of about 2.5% of body weight Liver is completely covered by Glisson’s C...

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy

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Hepatic encephalopathy is a complex neuro psychiatric syndrome that is caused by liver disease.  This will manifests as disturbances in...

Factors precipitating hepatic encephalopathy

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Patients with chronic liver disease are prone to hepatic encephalopathy which manifest as altered sensorium. It may be precipitated by a v...