Showing posts with label neuroophthalmology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label neuroophthalmology. Show all posts

Understanding Myasthenia Gravis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes weakness and fatigue in the skeletal muscles of the body. The disorder is cha...

What are the History you should ask in Diplopia ?

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Chief complaints of Diplopia Is the Diplopia Monocular vs Binocular? Is the Diplopia Horizontal, Vertical or Oblique? Directionality ? Worst...

What is Concomitant and Incomitant deviations in squint ?

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Concomitant Deviation The Angle of deviation are the same in all fields of gaze. Congenital or chronic. Congenital or early onset strabismus...

What are the causes of Horizontal and Vertical Diplopia

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The following are the causes of Horizontal and Vertical Diplopia Horizontal Diplopia Myasthenia Gravis CN 6th palsy CN 3rd palsy Divergence ...

Differential Diagnosis of Monocular Diplopia

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Following are differential diagnosis of Monocular Diplopia. (a) Anterior segment causes, (b) Retinal abnormalities, (c) Cortical Diplopia An...

What are Beilchowski’s three step test ?

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Step 1  Find the resting position misalignment. Due to diplopia patient have tilting of eye first correct it. For example if the patient has...

What is primary and secondary deviation Squint?

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Primary deviation is the deviation of the " lazy " or paretic eye, when the " good eye " or the non-paretic eye fixes o...

How to find out which eye is producing the peripheral image in Diplopia?

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Ask the patient to cover both eyes one by one-alternatively; ask him to notice the side of the eye, closure which results in disappearance o...

How to know which muscle is affected in Diplopia?

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Diplopia is worse in the direction of action of the weak eye muscle. Lateral rectus muscle weakness causes diplopia worse on looking to the...

What are the clinical approach that need to take care on diplopia History taking

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1. Check on Mono-ocular or binocular ?  2. Whether the diplopia is horizontal, vertical, or oblique. ?  3. Whether one of the images is til...

What causes the Pathophysiology of misalignment?

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A) The misalignment can be due to Weakness of one of the EOMs Over action of one of the EOM The muscle is prevented by acting because of a p...

What causes binocular diplopia?

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Why should the images fall on non-corresponding parts of retina? The images fall on non-corresponding parts of the retina, because of mis-al...

What are the symptom of diplopia and how to diagnose diplopia ?

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Patients with diplopia may not always complain of double vision. Symptom Most of the complaints from the patients can be  Dizziness. Imbalan...

Clinical approach to DIPLOPIA (Binocular and Uniocular)

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Diplopia Detailed examination reveals no obvious extra ocular muscle weakness. Diplopia is due to failure of fusion of images. Types of dipl...

What is See-Saw Nystagmus?

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What is See-Saw Nystagmus? In see-saw nystagmus one eye moves up + intorts & other eye moves down +extorts Torsional component is co...

What are the causes of Acquired Pendular nystagmus ?

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What are the causes of Acquired Pendular nystagmus ? Acquired Pendular nystagmus can be seen in the following conditions Oculo-palatal myocl...

What is Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus?

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Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus is characterised by rapid convergence with synchronous retraction of both globes slow divergence. It is due...

Dissociated Jerk Nystagmus and causes

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Dissociated Jerk Nystagmus and causes Dissociated Jerk Nystagmus and causes Dissociated Jerk Nystagmus ,nystagmus is different in both eyes ...

What is Rebound nystagmus and its causes?

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 Rebound nystagmus is a Gaze evoked nystagmus reverses direction in the eccentric gaze. In Primary position - No nystagmus Lateral gaze - In...

What is Bruns's nystagmus?

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It is seen in large CP angle tumours Following are the components of Bruns nystagmus. Contralateral high frequency / low amplitude nystagmus...