What is displaced Apex?

Cardiac causes of displaced apex beat

• Cardiomegaly—chamber enlargement or aneurysm

Respiratory causes of displaced apex beat

• Fibrosis and collapse (same side of pathology)
• Pneumothorax and pleural effusion (opposite side of pathology)

Skeletal causesof displaced apex beat

• Kyphosis
• Scoliosis
• Pectus excavatum

Abdominal causes of displaced apex beat

• Pregnancy
• Ascites

Displaced apical impulse – dextrocardia push and pull of pleuropulmonarv disease.