The pathophysiology of alpha-synuclein is complex and not fully understood, but it is believed to play a key role in the development of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy.
When alpha-synuclein is present in excess or is mutated, it can form clumps or aggregates in the brain. These aggregates, known as Lewy bodies, are composed of alpha-synuclein, as well as other proteins and cellular components. The formation of Lewy bodies is thought to be a key factor in the development of neurodegenerative disease.
The exact mechanisms by which alpha-synuclein aggregates lead to neuronal dysfunction and death are not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of cellular toxicity, disruption of cellular processes, and immune system activation.
Some evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein aggregates may disrupt the normal functioning of mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. This disruption can lead to oxidative stress and damage to cellular components, ultimately resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death.
In addition, the aggregation of alpha-synuclein may interfere with the normal functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum, a network of membranes that is involved in protein folding and transport. This can lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which can further exacerbate cellular dysfunction.
Finally, the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates can also trigger an immune response within the brain. This can lead to the activation of microglia, the immune cells within the brain, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation can further damage neurons and exacerbate neurodegenerative disease.
