- Anatomy Lecture Notes - British Journal of Sports Medicine - Part 1
- Anatomy Lecture notes and presentation by Eylana Goldman Goffe
- Anatomy PowerPoint presentations by Moira O’Brien (BMJ)
- Anterior compartment of cubital fossa and arm (PPT)
- Histology Lecture and presentation by Won Taek Lee
- Muscle - Function and main characteristics
- Mammary Gland - Anatomy for MBBS students
- Neuroanatomy Power Point presentation by Won Taek Lee
- Skin and facials - Functions
- Synovial joint - Salient features
- Anatomical Terminology and Medical Imaging
- Structure of the Cell
- Cell Replication - Mitosis
Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts
Anatomy Presentations (PPT)
Development of interatrial septum and its defect (ASD)
Atrial septal defect is the most common congenital heart diseases in adults. Intratrial septum is developed from septum primum and septum secundum.
Septum primum forms the lower part of atrial septum
Septum secundum forms the upper part of atrial septum.
Septum primum forms the lower part of atrial septum
Septum secundum forms the upper part of atrial septum.
There are 4 different types of atrial septal defect which include :
- Ostium secundum type of ASD seen in 70% cases.
- Ostium primium type of ASD seen in 20% case
- Sinus venosus type
- Coronary sinus type
Ostium primum type of ASD develops from septum primum. It is also called as partial AV canal defect.
Sinus venosus type is situated superior to fossa ovalis in relation to the superior venocaval opening into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus type the defect is seen near the opening of coronary sinus.
Following associations are seen in atrial septal defect
Ostium secundum – May be associated with mitral valve prolapse and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection on right side.
Ostium primum ASD – is associated with left mitral or tricuspid valve and first degree heart block.
Sinus venosus ASD –may be associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
Coronary sinus – May be associated with superior venacaval opening into left atrium.
Syndromes in relation to atrial septal defect
Down syndrome patients have higher rates of ASDs,
Ebstein's anomaly about50% of individuals with Ebstein anomaly have an associated shunt between the right and left atria, either an atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale.
Fetal alcohol syndrome 25% of patients with fetal alcohol syndrome has either an ASD or a ventricular septal defect.
Holt-Oram syndrome – Both the osteium secundum and osteum primum types of ASD are associated with Holt–Oram syndrome
Lutembacher's syndrome – the presence of a congenital ASD along with acquired mitral stenosis.
SCIMITAR syndrome
What is SCIMITAR syndrome: Here there is fatal or patial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior venacava
Lutembacher syndrome
It is congenital ASD with acquired mitral stenosis.
Holt oram syndrome is associated with hypoplastic triphalangeal thumb
Read related topics -ASD
Internal anatomy of the human Heart (Explanation of four heart chambers)
There are four heart chambers,they are
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
Right Atrium
Right atrium receives venous blood from
mainly two source
- The
systemic circuit
- From
the heart muscle itself.
Three major veins empty into the right atrium:
Superior vena cava (SVC) drains venous blood from the head, upper limbs, and superior
regions of the trunk.
Inferior vena cava (IVC) drains blood from the lower limbs and trunk.
Coronary sinus drains blood from the heart wall.
The interatrial septum forms a
wall between the right and left atria.
Right Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
These valve separates the right atrium
from the right ventricle.It is also called as tricuspid valve,and it has three
triangular flaps.Venous blood flows from the right atrium pass through the
valve into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle begins to contract
tricuspid valve closes and it prevent bloodbackflow into the right atrium.
Right Ventricle
Right Ventricle receives deoxygenated
venous blood from the right atrium.The right and left ventricles are separated
by an interventricular septum .
Papillary muscles are present on
the internal wall surface,thsese are cone-shaped, muscular projections and
anchor chordae tendineae ,they are attached to the cusp of the right
atrioventricular valve and prevent everting and flipping of valve into
the right atrium when contracting.
Pulmonary Trunk
At its superior end pulmonary trunk
narrows into a smooth-walled, conical region called the conus arteriosus. The
pulmonary semilunar valve is situated at junction between the end of the right
ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk.Pulmonary trunk divides
into right and left pulmonary arteries it carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Semilunar Valves
Located within the walls of both
ventricles,seen immediately before the connection of the ventricle to the
pulmonary trunk and aorta.The semilunar valve is composed of three thin,
pocketlike semilunar cusps.When blood is pumped into the arterial trunks, it
pushes against the cusps and forces the valves open. This valve prevent
backward flow of blood into the ventricles,when ventricular contraction ceases.
Left Atrium
Left atrium recieves the oxygenated
blood from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
The smooth posterior wall of the left
atrium has openings for approximately four pulmonary veins.
Two left pulmonary veins.
Two right pulmonary veins.
Left Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
Thses valve separates the left atrium
from the left ventricle. This is called as bicuspid valve or the mitral valve.
Left AV valve has chordae tendineae similar to that present in right AV
valve.Oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle. When
the left ventricle begins to contract the AV valve Is forced closed .They
prevents blood backflow into the left atrium.
Left Ventricle
Left ventricle is largest of the four
heart chambers.Its wall is three times thicker than the right ventricular
wall.The main purpose of thick walls is to generate enough pressure to force
the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the aorta and then through the entire
systemic circuit.The right ventricle only has to pump blood to the nearby
lungs. Trabeculae carneae in the left ventricle are more prominent.There are
two large papillary muscles which attach to the chordae tendineae that help to
support the left AV valve. The aortic semilunar valve is situated at the
junction between the end of the left ventricle and the entrance into the aorta.
Anatomy of human liver
It is the largest of viscera of humanbody
Human liver consists of about 2.5% of body weight
Liver is completely covered by Glisson’s Capsule and incompletely by the peritoneum.
Measurements of human liver are the following
21 – 23 cm transversely
15 – 18 cm superior to inferior
10 – 13 cm anterior to posterior
Location of liver
Located in the right hypochondrium and the epigastrium.It is mostly covered by ribs.It Contains numerous vascular structures
Detailed Anatomy
Liver has four lobes.Divisions are based on blood supply anb bile drainage.Anatomical lobes are divided by falciform ligament. Functional Lobes the right and left lobes separated by imaginary line from fossa for Gall bladder to IVC .Right lobe contains caudate process and left contains Caudate lobe and Quadrate lobe
Fissures of liver
Right sagittal (main)
Left sagittal (accessory)
Portal
Right oblique intersegmental
Lateral intersegmental
Main lobar fissure is located in the boundary between right and leftlobes. In ultrasound scan it is seen as hyperechoic line from Portal vein to neck of Gall bladder.It is used to identify GB when it is packed with stones
Portal fissure
Portal fissure is created by portal veins (triads)
Segments of the Liver
Hepatic segments
I = caudate lobe
II & III = superior and inferior lateral segments, Left lobe
IV = medial segment, Left lobe
V & VI = caudal to transverse plane
VII & VIII = cephalad to transverse plane
Fossae (Superficial) or the following are seen
IVC – posterior
Portal Vein – inferior
Gallbladder – inferior
Ligaments
Falciform is the most superficial ligament anteriorly.It divides left lobe into two sections
anatomical left lobe
Caudate & quadrate lobes
Ligamentum teres hepatis
Ligamentum venosum
Right/Left Coronary Ligaments
Hepatophrenic & Hepatorenal ligaments are subdivisions of right coronary ligament hepatophrenic ligament is superior and hepatorenal.
Development of interatrial septum
Through all stages of development of fetus blood shunts from right atria to left atrium so it bypass lungs.
Inter atrial septum is developed from Septum Primum and Septum Secundum
Septum Primum
Septum Primum is a crescent shaped membranous extension of dorso-cranial wall.
It will grows downward towards endocardial cushions
The opening between the Septum Primum and endocardial cushions is foramen primum (ostium primum), which serves as a shunt.
A series of perforations will develop in cranial end that coalesce to form foramen secundum (ostium secundum)
In the later stages of development the septum primum fuses with endocardial cushions – this will obliterates foramen primum
Septum Secundum
Septum Secundum is a crescent shaped septum begins to form to the right side of of septum primum
Grows as septum primum downwards, it does not fuse with endocardial cushion, the opening is called foramen ovale
Because of the arrangement of the two septa it act as one-way valve.
Read related topics -ASD
Anterior compartment of cubital fossa and arm (PPT)
Muscle - Function and main characteristics (PPT)
Adrenal gland - Functional anatomy
Adrenal gland - They are suprarenal - they sit on top of the kidneys.
A. Adrenal Medulla
- the inner region
- comprises 20% of the gland
- secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
- derived from ectoderm
B. Adrenal Cortex
- the outer region
- comprises 80% of the gland
- secretes corticosteroids
- derived from mesoderm
Following are the parts of adrenal cortex
- Zona Glomerulosa (outermost region) - produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- Zona Fasiculata (middle region) - produces glucocorticoids (cortisol) as well as estrogens and androgens.
- Zona Reticularis (innermost region) produce adrenal androgens.
How to measure Jugular venous pulse (JVP)
Objectives of examination of JVP
Estimation of jugular venous pressure.
Assessment of wave forms.
Most important bedside test for assessment of volume status.
Assessment of waves give important clues regarding certain conditions.
Internal jugular vein is preferred because
It has no valves.
It is in direct line with S uperior vena cava and right atrium.
Not passing through facial planes, unlikely to be compressed by other structures.
Usually best felt when patient’s trunk is inclined by less than 30.
If pressure is very high, better in sitting position.
If volume depleted, supine is better.
Surrogate marker of right sided pressure.
Distance between centre of right atrium and sternal ankle varies in many individuals.
At 40 degree, varies between 6-15cm.
Pulsation above clavicle at sitting position is usually abnormal.
Distance between right atrium to clavicle is at least 10cm.
Estimation of an elevated pressure is important rather than the exact value.
1mm of Hg = 1.3cm of water.
How to measure jugular venous pressure-video
How to measure jugular venous pressure-video
Anatomy of Spinal cord
Beginning of spinal cord:
Spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum as a continuation of the medulla Oblongata of the brain.
Shape of spinal cord: It is Cylindrical.
Length of spinal cord: Is about (45) cm.
It occupies upper 2/3 of the vertebral (spinal) canal of the vertebral column.
Levels of termination in different age groups
(1) Up till the 3rd month of fetal life: The spinal cord occupies the entire length of the vertebral canal.
(2) At birth : It terminates at the level of L3.
(3) Children : It ends at the Upper Border of the 3rd Lumbar vertebra.
(4) Adults : It terminates at the intervertebral disc (1st-2nd ) lumbar vertebrae.
Enlargement of spinal cord
Cervical : (C3- T1) Segments for the Brachial Plexus.
Lumbar : (L1- S3) Segments, for the Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses.
Mode of termination of spinal cord
Conus Medullaris : A conical termination caudal to the lumbar enlargement.
Filum terminale : A filament of connective tissue arises from the tip of the conus. It is attached to the 1st Coccygeal vertebra.
Parts of Internal capsule
What is internal capsule?
Internal Capsule is a compact bundle of projection fibers (white matter) between caudate nucleus, thalamus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally.
It include
Internal Capsule is a compact bundle of projection fibers (white matter) between caudate nucleus, thalamus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally.
It include
Thalamocortical fibers
Corticothalamic fibers
Corticopontine fibers
Corticobulbar fibers
Corticospinal fibers
This is a continuous sheet of fibres that forms the medial boundary of the lenticular nucleus.
Internal Capsule continues around posteriorly and inferiorly to partially envelop this nucleus.
Inferiorly, many of the fibers of the internal capsule funnel into the cerebral peduncles.
Superiorly, the fibers fan out into the corona radiata. Here, they travel in the cerebral white matter to reach their cortical origins or destinations.
Superiorly, the fibers fan out into the corona radiata. Here, they travel in the cerebral white matter to reach their cortical origins or destinations.
The anterior limb is the portion between the lenticular nucleus and the head of the caudate nucleus;
The posterior limb is the portion between the lenticular nucleus and the thalamus;
The genu is the portion at the junction of the above 2 parts and is adjacent to the interventricular foramen;
The retrolenticular part is the portion posterior to the lenticular nucleus;
The sublenticular part is the portion inferior to the lenticular nucleus.
The coronary circulation
Heart is supplied by two coronary arteries
1. Right coronary artery (RCA)
2. Left coronary artery (LCA)
coronary arteries arise at the root of the aorta
LCA branches -Lt An
terior Descending (LAD)
terior Descending (LAD)
-Marginal Artery
-Circumflex Artery
RCA branches-Marginal Artery
-Posterior descending branch
Left coronary artery (LCA) –Divides into Anterior Descending (LAD) and Circumflex artery
Area of blood supply
LAD (Anterior Descending Artery ) supplies:
Anterior and apical parts of heart
Anterior 2/3rd of interventricular septum.
Circumflex branch supplies :
The lateral and posterior surface of heart
Right coronary artery(RCA) supplies:
Right ventricle
Part of interventricular septum (posterior 1/3rd)
Inferior part of left ventricle
AV Node
Basic anatomy of brainstem
Brainstem is located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers
Brainstem is formed of
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla
Connections of brainstem
Brainstem is connected to the cerebral hemisphere by 2 cerebral peduncle and to the cerebellum on each side by the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle.
Components of the brainstem
Brain stem contains groups of nerve cells (gray matter) intermingled with several ascending and descending tracts (white matter).
Motor nucleus of cranial nerves are arranged in brain stem as follows
Cranial nerve 3 & 4 in midbrain
Cranial nerve 5, 6 &7 in pons
Cranial nerve 9. 10, 11, 12 in medulla
Cranial nerve 1, 2 & 8 have no motor nucleus, they are sensory nerves concerned with special sensation perceived in special areas of cerebral cortex.
Course of Facial nerve the 7 th cranial nerve
Important areas related to the course of facial nerve are the following.
- Pons.
- Cerebellopontine(CP)angle.
- Internal auditory meatus.
- Ear.
- Stylomastoid foramen.
Pons
Nucleus of facial nerve is situated in pons.
Nervus intermedius that carry sensory and parasympathetic fibers curve around the abducent(6) nucleus in the pons to form the facial colliculus.
CP angle
Facial nerve emerge at the ponto medullary junction and lies in the cp angle.
Internal auditory meatus
Facial nerve enters the internal auditory meatus with 8 th cranial nerve with the nervus intermedius inbetween.
Ear
This part is called labyrinthine part, and is situated above the labyrinth.This curves posteriorly at the genu, and gives the greature superficial petrosal nerve at the genu.
Then the nerve travel backward in the horizontal or tympanic segment above the middle ear.
Then it turns vertically in the vertical or mastoid segment.
In the vertical part facial nerve give two branch nerve to stapedius and chordatympani.
Stylomastoid foramen
Facial nerve emerge at the stylomastoid foramen.
Distal to the stylomastoid foramen,it gives 2 branches.
1.Posterior auricular nerve.
2.Branch to Posterior belly of Digastric muscle and Stylohyoid muscle.
Then it enters the parotid gland.
It leaves the parotid gland by dividing into temperofacial and cervicofacial branches.
Finally divides into five motor branches.
Five major branches of facial nerve (in parotid gland) - from top to bottom are
a) Temporal branch.
b) Zygomatic branch.
c) Buccal branch.
d) Marginal mandibular branch.
e) Cervical branch.
Anatomy Lecture Notes - Part 1
Anatomy Lecture Notes
– Part 1
General
Head and face
Lower limb
Upper limb
Trunk
Anatomy Lecture notes and presentation by Eylana Goldman Goffe
Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.In some of its facets, anatomy is related to embryology and comparative anatomy, which itself is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny.
- Cells & Tissue
- Bones & Joints
- Thorax
- Thoracic Cavity
- Heart & Circulation
- Spinal Cord & Nerves
- Brain & Cranial N
- Head & Neck
- Upper Extremity
- Organs of Abdomen
- Pelvis
- Lower Limb
About Author
Eylana Goldman Goffe, PhD
Professor Biology
Histology Lecture and presentation by Won Taek Lee
Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues
of plants and animals. It is commonly performed by examining cells and tissues
under a light microscope or electron microscope, which have been sectioned,
stained and mounted on a microscope slide.
- The Cell: CYTOLOGY
- Connective Tissue Proper
- Bone and Cartilage
- Nervous Tissue
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphoid System
- Oral Cavity
- Digestive Glands
- Integument System
- Respiratory System
- Endocrine System
- Male Reproductive System
- Special Sensory System
- Immunohistochemistry
About author
Won Taek Lee, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine
Sinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoon-Ku, Seoul 120-752, KOREA
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